Pipeline design consideration and standards The considerations and standards guiding pipeline design insures stability and integrity in the industry. Selecting pipe wall thickness. The fluid flow equations and formulas presented thus far enable the engineer to initiate the design of a piping or pipeline system, where the pressure drop available governs the selection of pipe size. In addition, there may be velocity constraints that might dictate a larger pipe diameter. This is discussed below in the section on velocity considerations for pipelines. Once the inner diameter ID of the piping segment has been determined, the pipe wall thickness must be calculated. There are many factors that affect the pipe wall thickness requirement, which include. The maximum and working pressures. Maximum and working temperatures. Chemical properties of the fluid. The fluid velocity. The pipe material and grade. The safety factor or code design application. If there are no codes or standards that specifically apply to the oil and gas production facilities, the design engineer may select one of the industry codes or standards as the basis of design. The design and operation of gathering, transmission, and distribution pipeline systems are usually governed by codes, standards, and regulations. The design engineer must verify whether the particular country in which the project is located has regulations, codes, and standards that apply to facilities andor pipelines. The basic formula for determining pipe wall thickness is the general hoop stress formula for thin wall cylinders, which is stated as. Piping codes. The following standards from the American Natl. Standards Inst. ANSI and the American Soc. Mechanical Engineers ASME specify wall thickness requirements. ANSIASME Standard B3. Power Piping. 1 This standard applies to steam piping systems. ANSIASME Standard B3. Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. This standard applies to major facilities onshore and offshore worldwide. ANSIASME Standard B3. Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols. This standard applies to onshore oil pipeline facilities. ANSIASME Standard B3. Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems. This standard applies to gas transmission, gathering, and distribution pipelines onshore. In the U. S, piping on offshore facilities is mandated by regulation to be done in accordance with ANSIASME Standard B3. Installation Instruction. Evaporators Ammonia. Type Series TANTADNTAFNTAFM. TADSTAATASTAP. thermofin GmbH, Am Windrad 1, 08468 Heinsdorfergrund Phone 49. FOREWORD In 1947, a Committee on Development of Uniform Standards for Sewage Works was created by the group now known as the Great Lakes. Most onshore facilities are designed in accordance with ANSIASME Standard B3. B3. 1. 8, depending on whether it is an oil or gas facility. Some companies use the more stringent ANSIASME Standard B3. In other countries, similar standards apply with minor variations. For simplicity, we will discuss only the U. S. standards in this chapter. The engineer should check to see if there are different standards that must be applied in the specific location of the design. Drivers Ngs Tv Capture For Pc. Pipe materials basics. There are some applications where plastic, concrete, or other piping materials are both desirable and acceptable. Utility systems such as those for water, sanitary or storm water, air, draining or low pressure oil or gas service applications often use the nonsteel piping material systems. However, for the vast majority of the pressure piping systems encountered, steel pipe is required. For petroleum applications, pipe materials that meet American Petroleum Inst. API, American Soc. Testing and Materials ASTM, ASME, and ANSI standards are used most often. All of these standards have very rigid design, specification, chemistry, and testing standardization and manufacturing requirements. Modern steel pipe manufactured to these exacting standards assures both high quality and safety in design. Steel pipe is available in a variety of commercial sizes ranging from nominal 18 up to 6. Table 1 illustrates a number ANSI pipe schedules, for reference. The nominal commercial pipe sizes from 18 through 1. ID measurement of Schedule 4. A variety of steel pipe sizes, wall thicknesses, and material grades are available for petroleum piping and pipeline applications. Table 1. Please note that the allowable internal pressure is the maximum pressure to which the piping system can be subjected. This could be significantly higher than the flowing pressure of the fluid in the pipe. Wall thickness calculations using B3. Code. ANSIASME Standard B3. The B3. 1. 3 wall thickness calculation formula is stated as. Table 2. allowable internal pressure in pipe, psi. Tables 3 and 4. longitudinal weld joint factor 1. APL 5. L, 0. 8. 5 electric resistance weld ERW, 0. Design Codes Plant. This Technical Measures Document covers the design codes for plant. Reference is made to relevant codes of practice and standards. F. manufacturers allowable tolerance,  1. OD, 1. 0 pipe 2. OD, API 5. L. Under ANSIASME Standard B3. IIAR Standards contain both normative and informative information, establishing both the minimum requirements for industry compliance and advisory information where. The conditions for the permissible increases in allowable pressure, according to Standard B3. When the variation lasts no more than 1. When the variation lasts no more than 5. Wall thickness calculations using B3. Code. The ANSIASME Standard B3. Standard B3. 1. 3 because of the lower levels of hazard associated with liquid pipelines. The code for Standard B3. The wall thickness formula for Standard B3. OD of pipe, in. minimum yield stress for pipe, psi Table 5. ERW, double submerged arc weld and flash weld 0. Table 5. Table 5 ContdWall thickness calculations using B3. The ANSIASME Standard B3. Standard B3. 1. 3, but more stringent than that of Standard B1. The B3. 1. 8 code is often used as the standard of design for natural gas piping systems in facilities, such as compressor stations, gas treatment facilities, measurement and regulation stations, and tank farms. The B3. 1. 8 wall thickness formula is stated as. OD of pipe, in. minimum yield stress for pipe, psi Table 6. Table 7 and discussion that follows. Table 8. temperature derating factor Table 9. Table 6. Table 6 ContdTable 7. Table 8. Table 9. The design factor, F, for steel pipe is a construction derating factor dependent upon the location class unit, which is an area that extends 2. Each separate dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling unit building is counted as a separate building intended for human occupancy. To determine the number of buildings intended for human occupancy for an onshore pipeline, lay out a zone 14 mile wide along the route of the pipeline with the pipeline on the centerline of this zone, and divide the pipeline into random sections 1 mile in length such that the individual lengths will include the maximum number of buildings intended for human occupancy. Count the number of buildings intended for human occupancy within each 1 mile zone. For this purpose, each separate dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling unit building is to be counted as a separate building intended for human occupancy. It is not intended here that a full mile of lower stress pipeline shall be installed if there are physical barriers or other factors that will limit the further expansion of the more densely populated area to a total distance of less than 1 mile. It is intended, however, that where no such barriers exist, ample allowance shall be made in determining the limits of the lower stress design to provide for probable further development in the area. When a cluster of buildings intended for human occupancy indicates that a basic mile of pipeline should be identified as a Location Class 2 or Location Class 3, the Location Class 2 or Location Class 3 may be terminated 6. Ammonia Piping Installation Standards For Pvc' title='Ammonia Piping Installation Standards For Pvc' />For pipelines shorter than 1 mile in length, a location class shall be assigned that is typical of the location class that would be required for 1 mile of pipeline traversing the area. Location Classes for Design and Construction. Class 1 location. A Class 1 location is any 1 mile section of pipeline that has 1. This includes areas such as Wastelands Deserts Rugged mountains Grazing land Farmland Sparsely populated areas. Class 1, division 1 location. This is a Class 1 location where the design factor, F, of the pipe is greater than 0. Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor Arnonrld Schwadzer dwgoc G nrSvcCnoeLrIno for residential and nonresidential buildings 2008 uildingb energY eficiencf Y standards. The photos below are from a 1,000gallon anhydrous ammonia nurse tank explosion June 6, 2005, at the Cenex Coop yard in Morris, Minn. The explosion released. ASME B31 Pressure Piping A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31. SLTC/ammoniarefrigeration/ammonia_banner.jpg' alt='Ammonia Piping Installation Standards' title='Ammonia Piping Installation Standards' />See Table 9.