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France French IPA fs, officially the French Republic French Rpublique franaiseepyblik fsz, is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories. XIII The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The countrys 1. 8 integral regions 5 of which are situated overseas span a combined area of 6. January 2. 01. 7, has a total population of almost 6. France is a unitarysemi presidentialrepublic with its capital in Paris, the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux. During the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 5. BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 4. Germanic. Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France. France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War 1. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established, which by the 2. The 1. 6th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants Huguenots. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV. In the late 1. 8th century, the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy, established one of modern historys earliest republics, and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which expresses the nations ideals to this day. In the 1. 9th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1. France was a major participant in World War I, from which it emerged victorious, and was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but came under occupation by the Axis powers in 1. Following liberation in 1. Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1. Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1. France. France has long been a global centre of art, science, and philosophy. It hosts Europes third largest number of cultural UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites and receives around 8. France is a developed country with the worlds sixth largest economy by nominal GDP1. In terms of aggregate household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, and human development. France remains a great power in the world,1. United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear weapon state. It is a leadingmember state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO, Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD, the World Trade Organization WTO, and La Francophonie. Etymology. Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin. Francia, or country of the Franks. Modern France is still named today Francia in Italian and Spanish, Frankreich in German and Frankrijk in Dutch, all of which have the same historical meaning. There are various theories as to the origin of the name Frank. Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm,2. Franks has been linked with the word frank free in English. It has been suggested that the meaning of free was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation. Another theory is that it is derived from the Proto Germanic word frankon, which translates as javelin or lance as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca. However, it has been determined that these weapons were named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around. History. Prehistory before the 6th century BCThe oldest traces of human life in what is now France date from approximately 1. Humans were then confronted by a harsh and variable climate, marked by several glacial eras. Early homonids led a nomadichunter gatherer life. France has a large number of decorated caves from the upper Palaeolithic era, including one of the most famous and best preserved Lascaux2. BC. At the end of the last glacial period 1. BC, the climate became milder 2. BC, this part of Western Europe entered the Neolithic era and its inhabitants became sedentary. After strong demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia, metallurgy appeared at the end of the 3rd millennium, initially working gold, copper and bronze, and later iron. France has numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic period, including the exceptionally dense Carnac stones site approximately 3,3. BC. Antiquity 6th century BC5th century ADIn 6. BC, Ionian. Greeks, originating from Phocaea, founded the colony of Massalia present day Marseille, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. This makes it Frances oldest city. At the same time, some Gallic Celtic tribes penetrated parts of the current territory of France, and this occupation spread to the rest of France between the 5th and 3rd century BC. The concept of Gaul emerged at that time it corresponds to the territories of Celtic settlement ranging between the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. The borders of modern France are roughly the same as those of ancient Gaul, which was inhabited by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was then a prosperous country, of which the southernmost part was heavily subject to Greek and Roman cultural and economic influences. Around 3. 90 BC the Gallic chieftain. Brennus and his troops made their way to Italy through the Alps, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia, and besieged and ransomed. Rome. The Gallic invasion left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 3. BC when they entered into a formal peace treaty with Rome. But the Romans and the Gauls would remain adversaries for the next several centuries, and the Gauls would continue to be a threat in Italia.