Academia. edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Prestressed-Concrete-By-Krishna-Raju-5th-Edition-Book-9781259003363-Front-Cover.jpg' alt='Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structures By Krishna Raju Pdf File' title='Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structures By Krishna Raju Pdf File' />Chamba, Himachal Pradesh Wikipedia. Chamba Hindi is a town in the Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in northern India. Chamba Hindi is a town in the Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in northern India. According to the 2001 Indian census the town is. I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul. According to the 2. Indian census the town is situated on the banks of the Ravi River a major tributary of the Trans Himalayan. Indus River, at its confluence with the Sal River. Chambial were the Rulers of Chamba State1 Chambials use suffix Varmans. Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC, the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty, starting with the Raju Maru from around 5. AD, ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour, which is located 7. Chamba. 2 In 9. 20, Raja Sahil Varman or Raja Sahil Verma shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba, following the specific request of his daughter Champavati 3 Chamba was named after her. From the time of Raju Maru, 6. Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1. Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1. The town has numerous temples and palaces,34 and hosts two popular jatras fairs, the Suhi Mata Mela and the Minjar Mela, which last for several days of music and dancing. Blackstone Ultrasonics Manual on this page. Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts, particularly its Pahari paintings, which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of North India between the 1. HistoryeditEarly historyeditChamba has an ancient history, which is inseparable from that of the surrounding district of Chamba. The earliest rulers were Kolian tribes. In the 2nd century BC the Khasas and Audumbaras were in power in the region. In the 4th century AD during the Gupta period, the Thakurs and Ranas ruled. From the 7th century, the Gurjara Pratiharas or the Rajput dynasty came into power. Narasimha Temple,Brahmaur, the ancient capital of the district. The recorded history of the Rajput rulers is traced to an eminent individual named Maru who is said to have moved to northwest India from Kalpagrama, around 5. AD. 9 He founded his capital in the Budhal river valley at a place called Brahmaputra, which later became known as Bharmour or Bhramaur, which is situated 7. Chamba town. For three hundred years, kings of Rajput Dynasty ruled from their capital in Bharmour. However, in 9. Raja Sahil Varman or Raja Sahila Verma, King of Bharmour, shifted his capital from Bharmour to a more centrally located plateau in the lower Ravi valley, and named the city Champavati, after his daughter. There is some variation in the story to how exactly this transition came about in the historical records of Chamba. One version tells how Varman, who, after being childless for a significant period, was blessed with ten sons and a daughter, named Champavati. It was Champavati who urged her father to build a new capital town in the valley. However, obstacles stood in the way to relocating his capital, given that the king had previously granted the land in the modern Chamba vicinity to the Kanwan Brahmins. A solution was found in the form of offering a gift of eight copper coins called chaklis on the occasion of every marriage that took place in the Brahmin family, if they would agree to surrender their land to pave the way for the new capital. With the land thus obtained, the new capital was built and named as Champa after Chamapavati, the Kings daughter, which, over the years, was simply shortened to Chamba. A variation of this origin of Chamba is that it originated as a hermitage which Champavati, a devout Hindu, used to frequent. The king, being suspicious of his daughters fidelity, one day investigated and followed her to the hermitage, but surprisingly he found neither his daughter nor the hermit there. Suddenly he was said to have heard a voice which informed him that his suspicions were ill founded, admonishing him and informing him that his daughter had been taken away from him permanently as a punishment for his lack of trust in her morals. The King, fully chastened, sought redemption for his sin by expanding the hermitage into a temple, named in his daughters honour and built a city around the temple. Today this temple, called the Champavati Temple, belongs to the Royal family and the Kings daughter is venerated as a goddess. Every year, since 9. Minjar festival or fair has been held. It lasts for 2. 1 days, coinciding with the first day of Baisakhi. The remoteness and ruggedness of the Ravi River valley secured Chamba from successful invasions for around 1,0. Since Raja Sahil Varman, the dynasty ruled without successful invasion for around a millennium, until the British gained power. The isolation of the town and its rugged hilly terrain is believed to have been a contributing factor to this unusual state of security. Later, Mughal emperors Akbar and Aurangzeb did attempt to annex Chamba but were unsuccessful in subjugating this territory into their kingdoms. Raja Prithvi Singh 1. AD, who was on amiable terms with Emperor Shahjahan was instrumental in introducing the court lifestyles of the Mughals. Modern historyeditIn 1. A. D., the combined forces of Gurkhas and local hills chiefs attacked the forces of Raja Sansar Chand in the battle and forced a crushing defeat on him along with family took shelter in the Kangra fort. The Gurkhas sieged the Kangra fort and ruthlessly looted the area between the fort of Kangra and Mahal Mohrian and virtually destroyed the villages. The siege of the fort continued for three years. In 1. 80. 9 A. D., Raja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of Lahore, on the request of Sansar Chand, waged war against the Gurkhas and defeated them in But Sansar Chand had to pay a heavy price whereby he had to lose Kangra fort and 6. Sikhs. 1. 4Ranjit Singh controlled the region and had even placed a garrison at Chamba, forced the hill states to pay tribute to them. Ranjit Singh deposed the hill princes, including the more powerful Kangra ruler, Sansar Chand Katoch, but spared Chamba, given that the Wazir Nathu of Chamba had been important as an ambassador in negotiations with Katoch in 1. King Singh to escape during a winter campaign in Kashmir. The Chamba Valley, c. In 1. 84. 5, the Sikh army invaded the British territory. The result was disastrous, with the British defeating the army, leaving Chamba in a poor position. Wazir Bagha of Chamba was important in negotiations in its aftermath, and the Rajas of Chamba, on the advice of Bagha, agreed to the British suzerainty as part of Jammu and Kashmir in favour of an annuity of Rs 1. The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1. Rajas agreed to cede the territory of Chamba district. From then on, relations with the British were cordial, and all of the Rajas of Chamba under the British rule, Sri Singh, Gopal Singh, Sham Singh, Bhuri Singh, Ram Singh, and Laxman Singh, were on good terms with the British army officers. Many progressive reforms and developments were made in Chamba under the British. In 1. Post office was established in Chamba and a daily mail service and a primary school. In December, 1. 86. Doctor Elmslie of the Kashmir Medical Mission. In the late 1. 86. Dalhousie via Kolri and Khajiar were built. Gopal Singh, who ruled from 1. Jandarighat Palace as his summer residence. After India becoming an independent nation in August 1. Chamba finally merged with India on 1. April 1. 94. 8 along with the other princedoms of Mandi Suket State, Sirmour State and all of those in the Shimla hills. Geography and climateedit. Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it. Chamba is the headquarters of the Chamba district, bordered by Jammu and Kashmir to the north west and west, the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir and Lahaul and Bara Banghal to the north east and east, Kangra to the south east and Pathankot district of Punjab to the south. It has an average elevation of 1,0. The town, the district and the valley where the town is located, share the name of Chamba.